North Korea has "Red Star OS". Why doesn't China have its own operating system?

重点

Key points

作者：腾讯新闻知识官扎克·晓生

Author: Zach Xiaosheng, news knowledge officer of Tencent

近年来，全球核心短缺问题引起了广泛关注。与此同时，中国芯片工业和光刻机的困难也一再被提及。但除了芯片和光刻胶，还有一项技术在中国被反复提及：操作系统。

Recently, the problem of global core shortage has aroused comprehensive attention. At the same time, the difficulties of China's chip industry and lithography machine have been repeatedly mentioned. But in addition to chips and photoresists, there is another technology repeatedly mentioned in China: the operating system.

在2月底的华为mate x2新闻发布会上，华为消费业务CEO于成东宣布，华为旗舰手机可能从今年4月起升级至harmonyos 2.0。

At the Huawei mate x2 press conference at the end of February, Yu Chengdong, CEO of Huawei's consumer business, announced that Huawei's flagship mobile phones could be upgraded to harmonyos 2.0 from April this year.

华为鸿蒙自诞生之日起就被视为自主研发的国产操作系统，可以与Android和IOS抗衡。但真的是这样吗？除了宏盟，我们还有哪些国产操作系统？这些操作系统是独立开发的吗？我们有必要开发一个独立的操作系统吗？操作系统的开发有多困难？

Since its birth, Huawei Hongmeng has been regarded as a domestic operating system developed independently, which can compete with Android and IOS. But is that really the case? Besides Hongmeng, what other domestic operating systems do we have? Are these operating systems independently developed? Is it necessary for us to develop an independent operating system? How difficult is the development of operating system?

以下是"中国心痛"的最后十个问题：我们能制造原子弹，但不能制造小芯片吗？》"关于终极光刻机的十个问题：中国有必要在全国的帮助下建造一台光刻机吗？》之后，腾讯科技推出"操作系统十问十答"计划，全面解读操作系统问题。

Following "China's heartache" final ten questions: can we build an atomic bomb, but not a small chip? 》"Ten questions about the ultimate lithography machine: is it necessary for China to build a lithography machine with the help of the whole country? 》After that, Tencent Technology launched the "ten questions and ten answers to the operating system" plan to comprehensively interpret the questions about the operating system.

问题1：世界上主流的操作系统是什么？

Q1: what are the mainstream operating systems in the world?

操作系统是管理和控制计算机硬件和软件资源的计算机程序。它是直接在"裸机"上运行的最基本的系统软件。操作系统必须支持任何其他软件。

Operating system is a computer program that manages and controls computer hardware and software resources. It is the most basic system software running directly on "bare metal". Any other software must be supported by the operating system.

操作系统不仅是用户与计算机之间的接口，也是计算机硬件与其它软件之间的接口。操作系统可分为三类，即电脑PC操作系统、移动终端操作系统、车载物联网操作系统。一般来说，有五种主流操作系统

Operating system is not only the interface between user and computer, but also the interface between computer hardware and other software. The operating system can be divided into three categories, namely computer PC operating system, mobile terminal operating system, and vehicle Internet of things operating system. Generally speaking, there are five mainstream operating systems

1、 目前，我们熟悉的Windows操作系统是微软开发的一套操作系统，已有30多年的历史。我们熟悉Windows95，Windows98，Windows2003，WindowsXP，WindowsVista，Windows7，Windows10等等。这一制度是在历史的发展中不断更新和维护的。Windows环境简单明了，使用方便，支持很多应用，用户也是最多的，而Windows源代码是顶级商业机密，不能用它做基本的修改和复制，所以很难被替换。

1、 At present, we are familiar with Windows operating system, which is a set of operating system developed by Microsoft and has a long history of more than 30 years. We are familiar with Windows 95, Windows 98, windows 2003, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, windows 10 and so on. The system is constantly updated and maintained in the development of history. Windows environment is simple and clear, easy to use, support many applications, users are also the most, and windows source code is top-level business secrets, can not use it to do basic revision and replication, so it is difficult to be replaced.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

2、 Android是谷歌2007年推出的一款基于Linux的移动操作系统，市场份额超过80%。得益于国内手机的快速发展，Android系统迅速占领了手机市场。到目前为止，大多数手机使用Android手机的概率非常高，包括目前基于Android深度定制的MIUI、emui等手机系统。

2、 Android is a mobile operating system launched by Google in 2007 based on Linux, with a market share of more than 80%. Thanks to the rapid development of domestic mobile phones, Android system quickly occupied the mobile phone market. So far, most mobile phones have a very high probability of using Android phones, including the current mobile phone systems such as MIUI and emui, which are deeply customized based on Android.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

3、 Linux。Linux环境是一套类似UNIX的操作系统，可以自由使用和传播。它是一个基于POSIX的多用户、多任务、多线程、多CPU操作系统。

3、 Linux. Linux environment is a set of UNIX like operating system which is free to use and spread freely. It is a multi-user, multi task, multi thread and multi CPU operating system based on POSIX.

Linux是一个开源的免费操作系统。由于其开源特性，系统漏洞更容易发现和修复。另外，由于Linux原有的人机界面是命令行，用户如果不熟悉Linux命令，很难使用系统。因为它太专业了，Linux经常被用作各种服务器操作系统。

Linux is an open source free operating system. Because of its open source characteristics, system vulnerabilities are easier to find and repair. In addition, because the original human-computer interface of Linux is the command line, users can hardly use the system if they are not familiar with the Linux commands. Because it is too professional, Linux is often used as a variety of server operating systems.

可以说Linux的基本思想有两点：第一，一切都是一个文件；第二，每一个软件都有明确的用途。首先，系统中的一切都归结为一个文件，包括命令、硬件和软件设备、操作系统、进程等等。对于操作系统内核，它被视为一个具有自己特性或类型的文件。这也是因为它的源代码是开源的，并且有许多基于linux的修订系统，所以它比windows和macos更容易被替换。

It can be said that the basic idea of Linux has two points: first, everything is a file; second, every software has a definite purpose. The first is that everything in the system comes down to a file, including commands, hardware and software devices, operating systems, processes and so on. For the operating system kernel, it is regarded as a file with its own characteristics or types. It is also because its source code is open source and there are many linux based revision systems, so it is easier to be replaced than windows and Mac OS.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

4、 苹果的macos是一个基于UNIX内核的图形操作系统。一般来说，它不能安装在普通PC上，它是苹果PC的专有系统，由苹果自己开发。

4、 Apple's Mac OS is a graphical operating system based on UNIX kernel. Generally, it can't be installed on ordinary PC. It is the exclusive system of Apple's PC and is developed by Apple itself.

如今，苹果的操作系统已经来到了MacOS Big Sur。该系统的许多功能和服务体现了苹果的简洁理念。MAC系统是苹果公司基于UNIX操作系统进行深度二次开发的操作系统，源代码完全封闭，只能在苹果电脑上运行，而且环境更加简单快捷，深受大众喜爱，再加上苹果生态的逐渐形成，所以系统很难被替代。

Nowadays, the operating system of Apple has come to MacOS Big Sur. Many features and services of the system reflect the concise concept of apple. MAC system is Apple's operating system based on UNIX operating system for in-depth redevelopment, completely closed source, can only run on Apple's computer, and the environment is more simple and fast, loved by the public, coupled with the gradual formation of Apple ecology, so the system is difficult to be replaced.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

5、 苹果IOS系统是苹果公司开发的移动操作系统。苹果在2007年1月9日的Macworld大会上首次宣布了这一系统。它最初是为iPhone设计的，后来相继应用于ipodtouch和iPad。

5、 Apple's IOS system is a mobile operating system developed by apple. Apple first announced this system at the Macworld Conference on January 9, 2007. It was originally designed for iPhone, and then applied to iPod touch and iPad one after another.

与苹果的macos一样，IOS也是一个类似UNIX的商业操作系统。最初，这个系统被称为iphoneos。由于iPad、iPhone和ipodtouch都使用iPhone操作系统，WWDC在2010年宣布将更名为IOS

Like Apple's Mac OS, IOS is a UNIX like commercial operating system. Originally, the system was called iPhone OS. Because iPad, iPhone and iPod touch all use iPhone OS, WWDC announced in 2010 that it will be renamed IOS

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

问题2：如何定义自主开发的操作系统？中国有这样的操作系统吗？

Q2: how to define a self-developed operating system? Does China have such an operating system?

带有操作系统的计算机可以处理计算机的硬件。同时，程序员可以使用编程语言在操作系统上开发应用程序。如果没有操作系统，计算机本身就是一个0和1的数字开关，有数以亿计的0和1的组合需要处理器处理。然而，操作系统的任务是将数亿个0和1组合起来供我们使用，这样用户就可以更轻松方便地操作各种应用程序。

A computer with an operating system can deal with the hardware of the computer. At the same time, programmers can use programming language to develop application app on the operating system. If there is no operating system, the computer itself is a digital switch of 0 and 1, and there are hundreds of millions of 0 and 1 combinations that need to be processed by the processor. However, the task of the operating system is to make the hundreds of millions of 0 and 1 combinations for our use, so that users can operate various applications more easily and conveniently.

操作系统是一个模糊的词。它可以指由操作系统内核、内核中包含的一系列基本库和程序以及可视化桌面环境组成的计算机软件。

Operating system is a fuzzy word. It can refer to the computer software composed of operating system kernel, a series of basic libraries and programs contained in kernel, and visual desktop environment.

内核是一个底层软件系统，用于管理硬件资源的访问，并提供与底层硬件交互的平台。

Kernel, an underlying software system, is used to manage the access of hardware resources and provide a platform for interaction with underlying hardware.

编译器库和驱动程序可以为系统和应用程序提取特定的内核，这样程序员就可以使用相同的机制与内核和硬件进行交互，而不必考虑其他特定的操作系统。例如，C标准库、C++标准库、bashshell等等。

Compiler libraries and drivers can extract specific kernels for systems and applications, so that programmers can use the same mechanism to interact with kernel and hardware, regardless of other specific operating systems. For example, C standard library, C + + standard library, bash shell and so on.

桌面环境，这是一个图形界面，用于管理计算机程序和各种应用程序。Windows、macos等操作系统只有一个桌面环境，但Linux操作系统将提供多种选择，如gnome、xfce、KDE（三个Linux轻量级桌面环境）。

Desktop environment, which is a graphical interface used to manage computer programs and various applications. Windows, Mac OS and other operating systems have only one desktop environment, but Linux operating system will provide multiple options, such as gnome, xfce, KDE (three Linux lightweight desktop environments).

如果一个系统是自下而上设计的，从内核到驱动程序，从编译器库到应用程序API，都可以看作是真正意义上的具有"自主知识产权"的操作系统。UOS和Kirin是我国比较好的独立操作系统，但遗憾的是它们的核心是Linux的源代码，仍然达不到独立操作系统的标准。

If a system is designed from the bottom up, from the kernel to the driver, from the compiler library to the application API, it can be regarded as an operating system with "independent intellectual property rights" in the true sense. UOS and Kirin are better independent operating systems in China, but unfortunately they still can't reach the standard of independent operating system, because the core of them is the source code of Linux.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

问题3：手机和PC操作系统一直被外资巨头垄断。中国有什么机会？

Q3: mobile phones and PC operating systems have been monopolized by foreign giants. What opportunities do China have?

虽然外资巨头垄断了传统的电脑操作系统和智能手机操作系统，但一些中国企业在物联网、汽车等平台推出的操作系统还是值得称道的。

Although foreign giants have monopolized the traditional computer operating system and smart phone operating system, the operating system launched by some Chinese enterprises on the Internet of things, automobile and other platforms is still commendable.

比如上面提到的华为鸿蒙，就是基于微内核的全场景分布式操作系统。它将突破手机、电脑、电视、智能穿戴等多终端领域的壁垒，兼容Android应用和所有web应用。它是一个真正覆盖整个生态的大统一系统。

For example, Huawei Hongmeng, which has been mentioned above, is a full scene distributed OS based on microkernel. It will break through the barriers between mobile phones, computers, TVs, intelligent wearable and other multi terminal fields, and is compatible with Android applications and all web applications. It is a big unified system that truly covers the whole ecology.

小米公司于2020年11月5日正式推出小米Vela物联网软件平台，定位为轻量级应用，是一个致力于智能家居、可穿戴设备等计算能力有限的设备的物联网嵌入式开发平台，并逐步应用于手表、手镯、音箱、智能家电、摄像头、ISP、传感器等更多终端设备。

Xiaomi officially launched Xiaomi Vela Internet of things software platform on November 5, 2020, which is positioned as a lightweight application, an embedded development platform of Internet of things dedicated to smart home, wearable devices and other devices with limited computing power, and gradually applied in more terminal devices such as watches, bracelets, speakers, smart home appliances, cameras, ISPs, sensors, etc.

此外，许多互联网巨头也在物联网领域努力取得突破。虽然市场前景尚不明朗，但我们已经实现了未来物联网操作系统领域多面开花的局面，技术将不再受限。而且，连接到任何东西的设备数量远远超过手机，甚至超过个人电脑，谁能在没有竞争对手的情况下占领这个空白市场，谁就能成为新计算平台的新王者。

In addition, many Internet giants are also trying to make breakthroughs in the field of Internet of things. Although the market prospect is still unknown, we have achieved the situation of multi faceted flowering in the field of Internet of things operating system in the future, and the technology will no longer be limited. Moreover, the number of devices connected to everything is far greater than that of mobile phones and even more than that of PCs. who can occupy this blank market without competitors and who can become the new king in the new computing platform.

问题4：能否将鸿蒙视为一个独立开发的操作系统？它能完全取代Android吗？

Q4: can Hongmeng be regarded as an independently developed operating system? Can it completely replace Android?

其实，很多人关心的是鸿蒙是否是一个独立的操作系统，这也取决于"自治"的定义。事实上，Android和鸿蒙系统都使用Linux内核。如果自上而下的集成是华为设计发明的，显然达不到这个标准。因此，鸿蒙目前并不是一个独立的操作系统。宏盟的安卓系统不会取代华为的安卓系统，如果宏盟能有一部分生态，那也是一个补充，而不是一个主要的替代品。

In fact, many people are concerned about whether Hongmeng is an independent operating system, which also depends on the definition of "autonomy". In fact, both Android and Hongmeng systems use Linux kernel. If the top-down integration is designed and invented by Huawei, it is obviously not up to this standard. Therefore, Hongmeng is not an independent operating system at present. Hongmeng's Android system will not replace Huawei's. If Hongmeng can have a part of ecology, it is also a supplement, not a major substitute.

我们也可以从技术专利的角度来谈。Android操作系统来自谷歌。你应该知道，每次安卓销售手机，谷歌和微软都会向手机制造商收取专利费。

We can also talk about it from the perspective of technology patents. The Android operating system comes from Google. You should know that every time Android sells a mobile phone, Google and Microsoft will charge the patent fee of the mobile phone manufacturer.

虽然微软的windows是PC操作系统，Android是移动操作系统，但两者似乎没有交集。但一些最基本的操作系统编写方法早在微软开发windows时就获得了专利，所以现在不管宏盟系统怎么写，都绕不开。

Although Microsoft's windows is a PC operating system, and Android is a mobile operating system, there seems to be no intersection between the two. But some of the most basic methods of writing operating system were patented as early as when Microsoft developed windows, so now no matter how Hongmeng system is written, it is impossible to get around.

例如，Google在Android上发明了一种优化系统方法。申请专利后，如果鸿蒙也用这种方法实现，就要向谷歌支付专利费。有许多类似的专利。这些专利就像一条沟壑，挡住了后人开发操作系统的道路。因此，如果鸿蒙仍然基于Android系统，就很难超越和取代Android。

For example, Google has invented an optimization system method on Android. After applying for a patent, if Hongmeng also uses this method to realize it, it is necessary to pay Google a patent fee. There are many similar patents. These patents are like a gully, blocking the way for later generations to develop the operating system. Therefore, if Hongmeng is still based on the Android system, it is difficult to surpass and replace Android.

Q5：面对业界主流操作系统，鸿蒙胜出的机会有多大？

Q5: facing the mainstream operating system in the industry, what's the chance of Hongmeng winning?

老实说，在现阶段，宏盟系统无法与Android和IOS竞争。经过仔细分析，我们会发现鸿蒙系统仍然依赖Android生态系统，否则就没有第三方软件可用，而IOS生态系统是闭环的，也就是说苹果的任何应用都不能在华为手机上运行。这实际上相当于IOS和Android是两个大面积的"大池塘"。他们老了、死了就不交流了，他们之间也没有排水渠道。鸿蒙系统是安卓旁边的一个"小池塘"。里面几乎没有水，所以需要依靠安卓的"大池塘"来供水。

To be honest, at this stage, Hongmeng system can't compete with Android and IOS. After careful analysis, we will find that Hongmeng system still depends on the Android ecosystem, otherwise it will have no third-party software available, while the IOS ecosystem is closed-loop, that is to say, any application of apple can not run on Huawei mobile phones. This is actually equivalent to that IOS and Android are two "big ponds" with a large area. They don't communicate with each other when they are old and dead, and there is no drainage channel between them. The Hongmeng system is a "small pond" next to Android. There is little water in it, so it needs to rely on the "big pond" of Android to provide water.

但鸿蒙的发展潜力巨大。目前，各国对于物联网操作系统的研究都处于起步阶段。宏盟系统专注于物联网，华为的生态已经达到了一定的水平。只要宏盟系统能达到消费者认可的状态，它就会一飞冲天。由此可见，鸿蒙、Android和IOS的发展方向其实是不同的。IOS只服务于苹果设备；Android已经结成了广泛的盟友，并誓言要成为全球最大的开源系统；鸿蒙专注于物联网，其目标并不是抢占Android的蛋糕。可以预见，这三个系统在未来将长期共存。

But the development potential of Hongmeng is huge. At present, all countries are in the initial stage for the Internet of things operating system. Hongmeng system focuses on the Internet of things, and Huawei's ecology has already reached a certain level. As long as Hongmeng system can reach the state of consumer recognition, it will soar to the sky. It can be seen that the development directions of Hongmeng, Android and IOS are actually different. IOS only serves Apple devices; Android has made extensive allies and vowed to become the world's largest open source system; Hongmeng focuses on the Internet of things, and its goal is not to seize the cake of Android. It can be predicted that these three systems will coexist for a long time in the future.

问题6：麒麟和大华的中标是否有媒体独立操作系统的报道？

Q6: are the successful bids of Kirin and UOS reported by the media independent operating systems?

首先需要强调的是，目前国内的操作系统基本上都是基于Linux的二次开发。中国没有自下而上的自主开发体系。中国很早就开始开发自己的操作系统。比如上世纪80年代前后，COSIX是国内最早的操作系统，但由于投入不足，缺乏应用软件支持，邓元英失败了。1999年，中国科学院发布了红旗Linux，经过优化和迭代，最新版本为红旗Linux V11。笔者也接触过国内许多操作系统。以下三个是流行和流行的。

First of all, we need to emphasize that the domestic operating systems are basically based on the secondary development of Linux. There is no bottom-up independent development system in China. China began to develop its own operating system from a very early stage. For example, around the 1980s, COSIX was the earliest domestic operating system, but due to insufficient investment and lack of application software support, Deng Yuanying failed. In 1999, red flag Linux was released by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and after optimization and iteration, the latest version is red flag Linux V11. The author has also come into contact with many domestic operating systems. The following three are popular and popular.

1国内"深陷操作系统"

1. Domestic "deep in operating system"

deep操作系统是由武汉申之都科技有限公司开发建设的，是目前国内Linux发行版中最辛苦的一款。其界面优化效果很好。风格类型有很多windows的操作习惯，还有MAC系统的美感，其软件生态系统非常可喜。有很多软件，比如多媒体应用和办公应用，包括游戏应用，也都相当不错。截至2017年，deep操作系统的下载量已超过5000万次。它在六大洲33个国家提供32种不同语言版本和105个图像网站升级服务。在全球开源操作系统排名中，深操作系统是中国第一款进入世界前十的操作系统产品。

The deep operating system is developed and built by Wuhan shenzhidu Technology Co., Ltd., which is the most painstaking one among the domestic Linux distributions so far. Its interface optimization effect is very good. The style type has many operating habits of windows, and the beauty of MAC system, and its software ecosystem is very gratifying. There are many software, such as multimedia applications and office Applications, including game applications, are also quite good. As of 2017, the deep operating system has been downloaded more than 50 million times. It provides 32 different language versions and 105 image sites upgrading services in 33 countries on six continents. In the global open source operating system ranking, deep operating system is the first Chinese operating system product to enter the top ten in the world.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

2麒麟中标

2. Qilin won the bid

麒麟由公司开发建设，2010年发布。分为桌面版、通用版、高级版和安全版，以满足不同客户的需求。广泛应用于能源、金融、交通、政府、中央企业等行业。它是政府安全系统的一员。在安全方面，它有自己独特的特点。个人用户免费版可以提供有限的支持，但收费版（政府采购、商业版、Encore系统）支持率高，界面比免费版友好。它集成了许多现成的办公软件，bentu系列打印机驱动程序，以及一些简单的绘图软件，只是在多媒体方面更像鸡肋。

Kirin is developed and built by the company and released in 2010. It is divided into desktop version, general version, advanced version and Security version to meet the requirements of different customers. It has been widely used in energy, finance, transportation, government, central enterprises and other industries. It is a member of the government security system. In terms of security, it has its own unique features. The free version of individual users can provide limited support, but the charging Version (government procurement, commercial version, Encore system) has a high support rate, and the interface is friendlier than the free version. It integrates many ready-made office software, bentu series printer driver, and some simple drawing software, only in the multimedia aspect It's more chicken ribs.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

三。同心UOS

3. Tongxin UOS

通信的UOS可以为个人用户提供美观、安全、稳定的系统体验。它与市场上的大多数硬件设备兼容。它还支持双核、系统备份和恢复功能。具有丰富的应用生态，提供差异化增值服务和技术支持。该系统有许多版本，但几乎相同，但在受众群体中会有一些差异。其安装的基本要求都比较高，无论哪个版本的硬件要求都高于前两个版本。基本的硬盘空间要求都在130g以上，内存达到4G就可以流畅运行，但是不得不说这个操作系统还是非常出人意料的，界面优化的效果非常好，风格就是有很多windows的操作习惯，还有MAC系统的美，而且它的软件生态系统非常可喜，很多软件都满足不了，多媒体应用、办公应用、游戏应用（当然不可能有windows的支持率，Bi作为桌面应用的高级代表，windows已经占领了市场很长时间。对于个人版本，强烈建议家庭用户在没有特殊要求的情况下使用本软件！

The UOS of Tongxin can provide a beautiful, safe and stable system experience for individual users. It is compatible with most of the hardware devices on the market. It also supports dual core, system backup and restore functions. It has rich application ecology, and provides differentiated value-added services and technical support. There are many versions of the system, but they are almost the same, but there will be some differences in the audience groups. The basic requirements of its installation are higher, no matter which version of the hardware requirements are higher than the first two. The basic hard disk space requirements are more than 130g, and the memory can run smoothly when it reaches 4G. But it has to be said that this operating system is still very surprising, the effect of interface optimization is very good, the style is that there are many operating habits of windows, and the beauty of MAC system, and its software ecosystem is very gratifying, many software can't meet, multi-media applications, office applications, game Applications (of course, it's impossible to have the support rate of windows, Bi As an advanced representative of desktop applications, windows has occupied the market for a long time. For personal version, it is highly recommended for home users to use this software without special requirements!

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

问题7：我们真的有必要开发自己的操作系统吗？如果没有这样的操作系统，我们将面临哪些风险？

Q7: is it really necessary for us to develop our own operating system? Without such an operating system, what risks will we face?

随着网络技术的不断发展，信息安全变得越来越重要。操作系统作为各种应用软件的平台，是所有软件的基础，也是最基本、最重要的组成部分。很多人认为我们的操作系统是非常安全的，但是他们不知道Linux系统的核心技术来自美国。

With the continuous development of network technology, information security becomes more and more important. As the platform of all kinds of application software, operating system is the foundation of all software and the most basic and important part. Many people think that our operating system is very safe, but they don't know that the core technology of Linux system comes from the United States.

值得一提的是，任何操作系统实际上在内核中都有一个"后门"预设，windows就是这样，Linux也不例外。操作系统开发者可以自由进入后门，为所欲为，包括收集系统信息、篡改系统数据、干扰系统运行、使计算机系统"崩溃"等；个别国家研制了针对windows、Linux、MacOS等操作系统的武器，它可以随时窃取、删除信息，并注入木马等危害，这些都与我们的生活息息相关。如果我们所有的操作系统都被所谓的武器或后门攻击，我国的各类计算机、手机、交通系统、电力能源系统、国防系统、医疗系统、北斗导航系统、气象系统等都无法正常工作。这简直是一场灾难，因此开发我们自己的操作系统是非常必要的。

It is worth mentioning that any operating system actually has a "back door" preset in the kernel, which is the case with windows, and Linux is no exception. Operating system developers can freely access the back door and do whatever they want, including collecting system information, tampering with system data, interfering with the operation of the system, making the computer system "crash", etc.; individual countries have developed weapons against windows, Linux, MacOS and other operating systems, which can steal, delete information at any time, and inject Trojans and other hazards, which are closely related to our lives. If all our operating systems are attacked by the so-called weapons or backdoor, all kinds of computers, mobile phones, transportation systems, power and energy systems, national defense systems, medical systems, Beidou navigation systems, meteorological systems, etc. in our country can not work. This is simply a disaster, so it is very necessary to develop our own operating system.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

但操作系统开发的难度是全过程的，开发难度很大。因为操作系统实际上是用户、软件和硬件的接口程序。从底层来看，兼容的硬件有很多种，操作系统不仅需要考虑每个硬件的可用性，还需要考虑效率等其他因素。从软件的角度来说，它需要大量的软件来适应操作系统。如果操作系统想被人们使用，软件生态是非常重要的。以前国内的操作系统，包括手机和PC操作系统，都非常重要，都死在了软件生态里。从用户的角度来看，美观、实用、高效、安全、稳定是不可或缺的。它们中的任何一个都会杀死一个操作系统。

But the difficulty of operating system development is the whole process, and the development is very difficult. Because the operating system is actually the interface program of user, software and hardware. From the bottom level, there are many kinds of compatible hardware, and the operating system needs to consider not only the availability of each hardware, but also other factors such as efficiency. From the perspective of software, it needs a lot of software to adapt the operating system. If the operating system wants to be used by people, the software ecology is very important. The previous domestic operating systems, including mobile phones and PC operating systems, are very important All died in the software ecology. From the user's point of view, beauty, practicality, efficiency, security and stability are indispensable. Any one of them will kill an operating system.

问题8：此前，有媒体报道，朝鲜有自己的操作系统——红星。这个操作系统的技术内容是什么？

Q8: previously, the media reported that North Korea has its own operating system - red star. What is the technical content of this operating system?

实际上，红星OS也是朝鲜基于Linux系统开发的PC操作系统。它主要基于Fedora11，2009年推出的Linux更新版本，2011年正式推出。目前的红星操作系统是2013年更新的第三个版本。起初，它看起来像windows，而更新后的红星操作系统看起来更像苹果的macosx。

In fact, red star OS is also a PC operating system developed by North Korea based on Linux system. It is mainly based on Fedora 11, an updated version of Linux launched in 2009, and officially launched in 2011. The current Red Star OS is the third version updated in 2013. Initially, it looked like windows, while the updated Red Star OS looked more like Apple's Mac OSX.

然而，尽管这个系统已经开发了很多年，它还没有连接到万维网。它只能连接到自己的国内网络，进入自己的一些政府网站和朝鲜官方认可的网站。而且，外界的人对这个体系本身并不了解。

However, although the system has been developed for many years, it has not been connected to the world wide web. It can only connect to its own domestic network and go to some of its government websites and websites officially recognized by North Korea. Moreover, people in the outside world do not know about the system itself.

两位德国安全专家在分析红星操作系统后表示，红星操作系统具有很多监控功能，比如可以跟踪系统中不同类型的文件，让他们看到不同文件的趋势。

After analyzing the Red Star OS, two German security experts said that the Red Star OS features many monitoring features, such as it can track different types of files in the system, so that they can see the trend of different files.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

问题9：如果中国要发展操作系统，中国应该在哪个领域率先取得突破？

Q9: if China wants to develop operating system, which field should China take the lead in making breakthroughs?

实际上，最困难的问题是是否从头开始开发芯片架构、内核、grub和可编程接口。这些软件是30年前在国外反复优化的。每个部分都有上千页的规格说明，开发和设计极其复杂。如果你想完全独立设计和开发，就必须从底层软件做起，在未来十年左右的时间里，你不可能不吃一口就发胖，中国自主品牌或许就诞生了。

In fact, the most difficult problem is whether to develop the chip architecture, kernel, grub and programmable interface from scratch. These software were optimized iteratively in foreign countries 30 years ago. Each part has thousands of pages of specifications, and the development and design is extremely complex. If you want to completely design and develop independently, you must start from the bottom software, and you can't be fat without a bite In the next ten years or so, China's own brand may be born.

生态建设是操作系统成功的核心。构建生态运营体系，需要从产品、服务、技术、研发、人才等多个领域入手。例如，创造优质产品、改进技术、改进系统版本的更新、培养更多的专业人才来实施研发计划等。

Ecological construction is the core of the success of the operating system. To build an ecological operating system, we need to start from the product, service, technology, R & D, talent and other fields. For example, to create superior products, improve technology, improve the system version of the update, cultivate more professionals to carry out R & D plan and so on.

事实上，操作系统的开发是一个庞大的工程，需要广泛的技术支持。主要有三个步骤

In fact, the development of operating system is a huge project, which requires a wide range of technologies. There are three main steps

第一步是编程语言，它是开发操作系统的基础。目前，汇编语言和C语言被广泛使用（效率更高）；

The first step is programming language, which is the basis of developing operating system. At present, assembly language and C language are widely used (more efficient);

第二步是指定操作系统的计划

The second step is to specify the plan of the operating system

（1） 操作系统将在什么介质上运行，如硬盘、光驱等；

(1) What kind of media is the operating system going to run on, such as hard disk, optical drive, etc;

（2） 确定操作系统的支持方向，如支持用户界面还是只支持命令行界面；

(2) Determine the support direction of the operating system, such as whether it supports the user interface or just the command line interface;

（3） 确定操作系统支持哪些平台处理器，如x86架构和arm架构处理器；

(3) Determine which platform processors the operating system supports, such as x86 architecture and arm architecture processors;

（4） 确定内核是从头开发的（C还是C++），还是使用Linux内核扩展来开发操作系统；

(4) Determine whether the kernel is developed from scratch (C or C + +), or use Linux kernel extension to develop the operating system;

（5） 为了确定启动程序是使用grub、Lilo还是从0开发的，我们需要对底层软件BIOS/UEFI（软硬件接口）有一定的了解，因为硬件的操作需要BIOS的中断服务来控制；

(5) To determine whether the startup program uses grub, Lilo or is developed from 0, we need to have a certain understanding of the underlying software BIOS / UEFI (interface between hardware and software), because the operation of hardware requires the interrupt service of BIOS to control;

（6） 确定可编程接口。目前，POSIX已经准备就绪。所有UNIX系统或多或少都支持这个接口。流行的macos和Linux是基于UNIX的操作系统；

(6) Determine the programmable interface. Currently, POSIX is ready-made. All UNIX systems support this interface more or less. The popular Mac OS and Linux are UNIX based operating systems;

（7） 确定系统的设计方向，MCU系统（fast）或微内核系统（容错机制和可靠性）；

(7) Determine the direction of the design system, MCU system (fast) or micro kernel system (fault tolerance mechanism and reliability);

（8） 确定高效安全的开发模式，最好采用双引导模式，防止数据被擦除或丢失；

(8) Determine the efficient and safe development mode, the best use of dual boot mode, to prevent data from being erased or lost;

第三步：当操作系统达到一定阶段后，可以发布开源版本，让客户和用户进行测试和反馈，提前发现问题；以上三步可以优化操作系统，满足用户需求，增加系统的使用寿命，为自己的生态做准备。谷歌的Android系统是开源模式的典型案例。Android系统以其免费和开源两大特点，赢得了广大手机厂商和开发者的支持，并成为市场占有率突飞猛进的第一操作系统，从而实现了生态系统和市场渠道的双赢。但总而言之，操作系统属于一种底层软件，要想开发好，还需要了解其他底层软件。

The third step: when the operating system reaches a certain stage, open source version can be released to allow customers and users to test and feedback, and find problems in advance; the above three steps can optimize the operating system, meet the needs of users, increase the service life of the system, and prepare for their own ecology. Google's Android system is a typical case of open source mode. With the two characteristics of free and open source, Android system has won the support of the majority of mobile phone manufacturers and developers, and has become the first operating system in the market share by leaps and bounds, so as to achieve a win-win situation of the ecosystem and market channels. But in a word, the operating system belongs to a kind of underlying software, want to develop well, also need to understand other underlying software.

（图片来自互联网）

(picture from Internet)

问题10：为什么日本、韩国和欧洲国家几乎没有独立的操作系统？

Q10: why do Japan, South Korea and European countries have few independent operating systems?

目前，全球三大操作系统均来自美国，包括谷歌、微软和苹果。许多中国人，甚至美国人，都在想，为什么在信息产业发展如此之快的中国，没有像windows、Linux、Android这样举世闻名的操作系统？

At present, the world's three major operating systems are from the United States, including Google, Microsoft and apple. Many Chinese people, even Americans, wonder why there is no world-famous operating system like windows, Linux and Android in China, which is developing so fast in the information industry?

事实上，这与操作系统的硬件开发有很大关系。首先，操作系统附带硬件。例如，微软的微软系统是伴随着微软计算机出现的，后来几乎占据了计算机操作系统的全部市场份额。苹果操作系统是伴随着苹果手机和苹果电脑而出现的。到目前为止，这套操作系统仍然是苹果公司独有的，但苹果公司凭借自身的产品优势和优势实现了操作系统的普及。然而，遗憾的是，中国的科技企业并没有像微软和苹果那样的标志性产品。就连华为目前的移动操作系统也使用Android，这是一个先入为主的原则。

In fact, this has a lot to do with the hardware development of the operating system. First, the operating system comes with hardware. For example, Microsoft's Microsoft system appeared with Microsoft computer, and then occupied almost all the market share of computer operating system. Apple operating system appeared with apple mobile phone and apple computer. So far, this set of operating system is still unique to Apple company, but Apple company realized the popularization of operating system by virtue of its own product advantages And. However, it is a pity that China's technology enterprises do not have the same iconic products as Microsoft and apple. Even Huawei's current mobile operating system uses Android, which is a preconceived principle.

此外，不仅是中国，世界上其他电子产业发达的国家，如韩国、日本、欧洲等，都未能开发出可与windows和Linux媲美的操作系统。

In addition, not only China, but also other countries with developed electronics industry in the world, such as South Korea, Japan and Europe, have failed to develop an operating system comparable to windows and Linux.

因为它也面临着大规模推广的问题。为了打败其他竞争对手，美国的谷歌、微软和苹果经过几十年的市场竞争，通过收购等方式建立了自己的操作系统帝国。

Because it is also facing the problem of large-scale promotion. In order to defeat other competitors, Google, Microsoft and apple in the United States have established their own operating system empire after decades of market competition through acquisition and other means.

有人说，开发一个操作系统不一定难，但是开发一个有商业价值的、人们喜欢的操作系统却很难。最大的问题是生态环境。其实每个国家都有自己的国内操作系统，但这种系统一般不适合民用，而是适合军用。

Some people say that it is not necessarily difficult to develop an operating system, but it is difficult to develop an operating system with commercial value that is liked by people. The biggest problem is the ecological environment. In fact, each country has its own domestic operating system, but this kind of system is generally not suitable for civilian use, but for military use.

无论如何，华为鸿蒙系统的成功研发，包括国内"深耕操作系统"的多项应用，与之前完全依赖美国和美国操作系统的情况相比，都是不小的进步。随着科技的进步和时代的发展，在我国发展完全独立的计算机操作系统还有很长的路要走。

In any case, the successful R & D of Huawei Hongmeng system, including a number of applications of the domestic "deep in operating system", is no small progress compared with the previous situation of relying entirely on the operating system of the United States and the United States. With the progress of technology and the development of the times, it is still a long way to go to develop a completely independent computer operating system in China.

对于中国操作系统的未来发展，抄袭别人的技术绝不是创新。大家都会喊自主研发的口号，但其实很难落实。尤其是对于芯片和操作系统来说，要想得到一些东西需要花费大量的时间和金钱。目前，国内的操作系统已经初具规模。只要我们专注于研发，我坚信在未来十年，我们将收获一个真正独立的操作系统，我们感到自豪。"能打败安卓的不是另一个安卓，而是下一个。

For the future development of China's operating system, copying other people's technology is never innovation. Everyone will shout the slogan of independent research and development, but it is really very difficult to implement. Especially for chips and operating systems, it takes a lot of time and money to get something. At present, the domestic operating system has begun to take shape. As long as we concentrate on R & D, I firmly believe that in the next decade, we will harvest a truly independent operating system that we are proud of. "The one who can beat Android is not another Android, but the next one.".

【版权声明】本文版权归作者（化名：扎克·晓生）所有。第三人不得擅自转载。

[copyright notice] the copyright of this article belongs to the author (pseudonym: Zach Xiaosheng). No third party may reprint it without authorization.

Link：https://new.qq.com/omn/20210331/20210331A00DJ000.html

update time：2021-03-31 18:34:34