Eternal regret: these five Chinese scientists have missed the Nobel prize!

（1947年诺贝尔物理学奖授予爱德华·维克托·阿普尔顿爵士。来源：维基百科）

(Nobel Prize in physics awarded to Sir Edward Victor Appleton in 1947. Source: Wikipedia)

诺贝尔奖的发表时间即将到来。谈到获得诺贝尔奖的中国科学家们，我不得不提到屠友友。

The time for the publication of the Nobel Prize is approaching. Speaking of the Chinese scientists who won the Nobel Prize, I have to mention Tu youyou.

2015年10月，中国女科学家涂有有因发现青蒿素和疟疾新疗法获得了2015届诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，填补了中国诺贝尔科学奖的空白。

In October 2015, Tu Youyou, a Chinese female scientist, won the 2015 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery of artemisinin and a new treatment for malaria, filling the gap of China's Nobel Science Prize.

事实上，在中国历史上，许多科学研究都非常接近诺贝尔奖，但由于种种原因，他们最终错过了诺贝尔奖。

In fact, in Chinese history, many scientific studies are very close to the Nobel Prize, but they finally missed the Nobel Prize for various reasons.

作者|云杉

Author | spruce

编辑|杨树/乔木

Editor | poplar / Arbor

赵忠尧：因为别人的错误而失去诺贝尔奖

Zhao Zhongyao: losing the Nobel Prize because of others' mistakes

（物理学家，中国核物理研究和加速器建设的先驱之一——赵忠尧。图源|百度百科全书）

(physicist, one of the pioneers of China's nuclear physics research and accelerator Construction -- Zhao Zhongyao. Figure source | Baidu Encyclopedia)

1930年，物理学家赵忠尧首次发现了正电子的存在，引起了物理学界的关注。他的同学安德森对此也很感兴趣。1932年，受赵忠尧的启发，安德森观察了正电子的轨迹。

In 1930, physicist Zhao Zhongyao first discovered the existence of positrons, which attracted the attention of the physics community. His classmate Anderson was also very interested in this. In 1932, inspired by Zhao Zhongyao, Anderson observed the trajectory of positrons.

赵忠尧的发现意义重大，研究结果正确，但有些人在重复赵忠尧的实验时，并没有得到与赵忠尧相同的实验结果。这让一些科学家怀疑赵忠尧的研究成果。

The significance of Zhao Zhongyao's discovery is great and the research results are correct, but some people did not get the same experimental results as Zhao Zhongyao when repeating Zhao Zhongyao's experiment. This makes some scientists doubt Zhao Zhongyao's research results.

1936年，瑞典皇家科学院决定将诺贝尔物理学奖授予世界著名的发现正电子的研究成果。然而，当该奖项宣布时，1930年首次发现正电子存在的赵忠尧的名字没有被列入奖项名单，除了1932年观察正电子轨迹的安德森。

In 1936, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award the Nobel Prize in physics to the world-renowned research achievement of the discovery of positrons. However, when the award was announced, the name of Zhao Zhongyao, who first discovered the existence of positrons in 1930, was not included in the list of awards, except Anderson, who observed the trajectory of positrons in 1932.

半个世纪后，经过许多科学家的仔细调查和研究，赵忠尧对这项研究的独创性和独创性贡献终于得到了证实。

Half a century later, after careful investigation and research by many scientists, Zhao Zhongyao's original and original contribution to this research has finally been confirmed.

王干昌：三次错失诺贝尔奖

Wang Ganchang: missed the Nobel Prize three times

（王干昌，中国核物理学家，中国科学院院士，两弹一星创始人。图来源：百度百科全书）

(Wang Ganchang, Chinese nuclear physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and founder of two bombs and one star. Figure source: Baidu Encyclopedia)

1930年，在柏林大学学习期间，王干昌提出了探测粒子的想法，但他的老师认为目前的研究是完美的，不想进一步讨论。

In 1930, while studying at Berlin University, Wang Ganchang put forward the idea of detecting particles, but his teacher thought that the current research was perfect and did not want to discuss it further.

一年后，英国物理学家詹姆斯·查德威克根据王干昌的想法发现了中子，并因此获得了诺贝尔奖。王干昌的老师得知这个消息后向他道歉。

A year later, British physicist James Chadwick discovered neutrons according to Wang Ganchang's idea and won the Nobel Prize for it. Wang Ganchang's teacher apologized to him after learning the news.

1933年，王干昌从柏林毕业返回中国。1941年，王干昌提出了探测中微子的想法，但由于当时中国科研条件有限，他不得不在权威杂志上发表论文。

In 1933, Wang Ganchang graduated from Berlin and returned to China. In 1941, Wang Ganchang put forward the idea of detecting neutrinos, but due to the limited scientific research conditions in China at that time, he had to publish a paper on the idea in an authoritative magazine.

1956年，美国科学家凯恩斯和考恩用他的方法确定中微子的存在，并于1995年获得诺贝尔奖。王干昌第二次获得诺贝尔奖。

In 1956, American scientists Keynes and Cowan used his method to determine the existence of neutrinos, and won the Nobel Prize in 1995. Wang Ganchang passed the Nobel Prize for the second time.

1956年，王干昌前往苏联研究基本粒子，期间他发现了超子的反粒子。这一发现震惊了全世界。我想我终于可以获得诺贝尔奖了。但由于当时的特殊背景，苏联破坏了技术协议，导致王干昌第三次错过诺贝尔奖。

In 1956, Wang Ganchang went to the Soviet Union to study elementary particles, during which he discovered the antiparticle of hyperon. This discovery shocked the whole world. I thought I could finally win the Nobel Prize. However, due to the special background at that time, the Soviet Union destroyed the technical agreement, resulting in Wang Ganchang missing the Nobel Prize for the third time.

合成胰岛素团队：方法缺乏创新

Synthetic insulin team: lack of innovation in methods

（合成牛胰岛素的动物实验成功。图来源|网络）

(the animal experiment of synthetic bovine insulin was successful. Figure source | network)

1958年，中国科学院在王英利、曹天勤、邹成禄、牛静漪、沈兆文等科学家的领导下，提出了"人工合成蛋白质"的宏伟目标。

In 1958, under the leadership of scientists such as Wang Yingli, Cao tianqin, Zou Chenglu, Niu Jingyi and Shen Zhaowen, the Chinese Academy of Sciences put forward the grand goal of "synthesizing protein by artificial method".

经过六年零九个月的努力，中国科学家终于在1965年完成了结晶牛胰岛素的合成。这一成果意义重大，它突破了一般有机化合物领域和信息密集的生物大分子领域的界限，在人类理解生命现象的漫长过程中迈出了重要的一步。甚至被认为是继"两弹一星"之后的又一重大科研成果。

After six years and nine months of hard work, in 1965, Chinese scientists finally completed the synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin. This achievement is of great significance, breaking through the boundary between the field of general organic compounds and the field of biological macromolecules with concentrated information, and taking an important step in the long process of human understanding of life phenomena. It is even regarded as another major scientific research achievement after the "two bombs and one satellite".

不幸的是，这一成就最终没有获得诺贝尔奖。据北京大学化学系研究组组长张鹏教授介绍，中国的合成胰岛素采用已知的非创新方法，诺贝尔奖需要完全创新的成果，因此不可能获得诺贝尔奖。

Unfortunately, this achievement did not win the Nobel Prize in the end. According to Professor Zhang Pang, head of the research group of the Department of chemistry of Peking University, China's synthetic insulin uses known and non innovative methods, and the Nobel Prize needs completely innovative achievements, so it is impossible to win the Nobel Prize.

吴友勋：回国错失获奖机会

Wu Youxun: missed the opportunity to win the award due to returning home

（1988年发行的中国现代科学家纪念邮票，包括以吴有训散乱地图为背景的纪念邮票。图源| scienceet）

(commemorative stamps of modern Chinese scientists issued in 1988, including commemorative stamps of Wu Youxun against the background of his scattering map. Figure source | scienceet)

20世纪20年代初，吴有迅进入芝加哥大学物理系。后来，他与美国著名物理学家康普顿教授合作，系统地研究了康普顿效应。

In the early 1920s, Wu Youxun entered the Physics Department of the University of Chicago. Later, he worked with Professor Compton, a famous American physicist, to systematically study the Compton effect.

康普顿效应在其提出之初并没有在物理学领域得到广泛认可。中国物理学家冯端认为，这一效应之所以没有得到承认，是因为它与经典理论有很大的冲突，康普顿获得的实验证据也不够充分。

Compton effect was not widely recognized in the field of physics at the beginning of its proposal. According to Feng Duan, a Chinese physicist, the reason why it is not recognized is that this effect is in great conflict with classical theory, and the experimental evidence obtained by Compton is not sufficient.

当时，吴有训恰巧跟随康普顿进行研究工作，亲自参与了大量发现和建立康普顿效应的实验工作，并完成了以"康普顿效应"为主题的博士论文。之后，他毅然回家。两年后，由于"康普顿效应"的成就，康普顿获得了1927年诺贝尔物理学奖。吴有勋实验获得的石墨散射光谱被纳入康普顿的工作中，作为实验的重要证据。

At that time, Wu Youxun happened to follow Compton in his research work, personally participated in a large number of experimental work to discover and establish Compton effect, and completed his doctoral thesis on the topic of "Compton effect". After that, he resolutely returned home. Two years later, due to the achievement of "Compton effect", Compton won the 1927 Nobel Prize in physics. The graphite scattering spectrum obtained by Wu Youxun's experiment was included in Compton's works as an important evidence of the experiment.

一些苏联学者提出，这种效应应称为"康普顿-吴效应"。国内一些学者赞同这个命名，但吴友勋本人非常谦虚，不同意使用这个名字。因为他以为他只是康普顿教授的学生。

Some Soviet scholars proposed that this effect should be called "Compton Wu effect". Some domestic scholars agree with this naming, but Wu Youxun himself is very modest and does not agree with the use of this name. Because he thought he was just Professor Compton's student.

程凯佳：一个被忽视的重大发现

Cheng Kaijia: a neglected major discovery

（程凯佳在打字机上写论文。图片来源：新华社）

(Cheng Kaijia writes a paper on a typewriter. Photo source: Xinhua News Agency)

程凯佳是中国著名的理论物理学家、中国科学院院士。他还获得了"两弹一星"功勋奖章和国家最高科学技术奖。他是中国核武器事业的开拓者之一，也是中国核试验科学技术体系的奠基人之一。但很少有人知道程凯佳年轻时离诺贝尔奖很近。

Cheng Kaijia is a famous theoretical physicist in China and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also the winner of the Merit Medal of "two bombs and one satellite" and the national highest science and technology award. He is one of the pioneers of China's nuclear weapons cause and one of the founders of China's nuclear test science and technology system. But few people know that Cheng Kaijia was very close to the Nobel Prize in his youth.

1944年，年仅26岁的程凯佳完成了"弱相互作用需要205个质子质量介子"的论文。本文提出了一个新介子的存在，并计算出新介子的质量为205质子质量。

In 1944, Cheng Kaijia, only 26, completed the paper "weak interaction requires 205 proton mass mesons". This paper proposed the existence of a new meson, and calculated that the mass of the new meson is 205 proton mass.

导师王干昌非常支持程凯佳的观点，并将论文推荐给当时访问湄潭的李约瑟博士。在李约瑟修改并润色了手稿之后，他把它交给了英国物理学家狄拉克。

Tutor Wang Ganchang very much supported Cheng Kaijia's point of view and recommended the paper to Dr. Needham who was visiting Meitan at that time. After Needham revised and polished the manuscript, he handed it over to Dirac, a British physicist.

然而，狄拉克后来回信说，"目前有太多的基本粒子，不需要更多的新粒子，更不用说重介子了。"因此，这篇文章尚未发表。后来，一位外国科学家进行了类似的实验，并于1979年获得诺贝尔奖。他测得的新粒子质量与当年程凯佳的计算值基本一致。就这样，程凯佳遗憾地错过了诺贝尔奖。

However, Dirac later wrote back that "there are too many elementary particles at present, and there is no need for more new particles, let alone heavy mesons." therefore, this article has not been published. Later, a foreign scientist conducted similar experiments and won the Nobel Prize in 1979. The mass of new particles measured by him was basically consistent with the calculated value of Cheng Kaijia in that year. In this way, Cheng Kaijia regretfully missed the Nobel Prize.

[singularity science是欧洲经典科普杂志《科学画报》的版权合作伙伴，专注于激动人心的尖端科技进步，让读者可以提前看到未来。]

[singularity science is the copyright partner of the European classic popular science magazine Science illustrated, focusing on the exciting cutting-edge scientific and technological progress, so that readers can see the future in advance.]

标准物质

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Link：https://new.qq.com/omn/20210930/20210930A0D14700.html

update time：2021-10-01 10:21:10